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S2CID 29165746

Microglia are transformed into DAM by recognizing Neurodegeneration-Associated Molecular Pattern (NAMP) danger signals which leak from damaged neuronal cells in analogy to the peripheral immune systems pathogen- and damage-associated stress signals (PAMPs and DAMPs) 23

Although additional studies are required to clarify the molecular mechanisms responsible for hyperhomocysteinemia-induced vascular disorders, there is evidence that the direct cytotoxicity of markedly elevated homocysteine and/or of its oxidized by-products (homocysteine thiolactone, homocysteine sulfinic acid, and homocysteic acid) damages endothelial cells (Dudman et al, 1991

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